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:''This article discusses universal libraries in general. For the project at Carnegie-Mellon, see Million Book Project.'' A universal library is a library with universal collections. This may be expressed in terms of it containing all existing information, useful information, all books, all works (regardless of format) or even all possible works. This ideal, although unrealizable, has influenced and continues to influence librarians and others and be a goal which is aspired to. Universal libraries are often assumed to have a complete set of useful features (such as finding aids, translation tools, alternative formats, etc.). ==History== The Library of Alexandria is generally regarded as the first library approaching universality, although this idea may be more mythical than real.〔(Abstract ), The Alexandrian library and its aftermath, Uwe Jochum, presented at the Second Anglo-German seminar on library history, ''The universal library: from Alexandria to the internet'', London, September 1996.〕 It is estimated that at one time, this library contained between 30 and 70 percent of all works in existence.〔(Scan This Book!, ''New York Times Magazine'', May 14, 2006. )〕 The re-founded modern library has a non-universal collections policy. As a phrase, the "universal library" can be traced back to the naturalist Conrad Gessner's ''Bibliotheca universalis'' of 1545. In the 17th century, the ideal of universality continued to be attractive. The French librarian Gabriel Naudé wrote:
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